| Edible seeds can't
be used for bio-diesel production in our country, as its indigenous
production does not meet our current demand. |
| Among non-edible TBO,
Jatropha Curcas has been identified as the most suitable seed
for India. |
| 3.Advantages of
Jatropha |
| Jatropha Curcas is
a widely occurring variety of TBO |
| It grows practically
all over India under a variety of agro climatic conditions. |
| Can be grown in arid
zones (20 cm rainfall) as well as in higher rainfall zones and
even on the land with thin soil cover. |
| Its plantation can
be taken up as a quick yielding plant even in adverse land situations
viz. degraded and barren lands under forest and non-forest use,
dry and drought prone areas, marginal lands, even on alkaline
soils and as agro-forestry crops. |
| It grows as a tree
up to the height of 3 - 5 mt. |
| It is a good plantation
for Eco-restoration in all types wasteland. |
| 4.Agro Practices
(as per NOVOD, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI) |
| Nursery raising |
| Nurseries may be raised
in poly-bags filled with mixture of soil and farm yard manure
in the ratio of 4:1. |
| Two seeds are sown
in each bag. |
| Plantation |
| 30 cm x 30 cm x 30
cm pits are dug |
| Farm yard manure (2-3
kg), 20 gm urea, 12 gm Single Super Phosphate (SSP) & 16
gm Mono Phosphate (MP) |
| Planting density |
| 2500 plants / ha at
2m x 2m |
| Transplantation
|
| It should be done
during rainy reason. |
| Fertilizer |
| From second year in
the ratio of 40:60:20 Nitrogen Phosphorous and Potassium (NPK)
kg/ha |
| Irrigation |
| It is required only
for the first two years |
| Pruning |
| During first year
when branches reach a height of 40-60 cms |
| Pest & Disease
control |
| No disease or insects
noticed to be harmful |
| Flowering and fruiting
|
| Flowering: Sept.-
Dec. & March- April |
| Fruiting |
| After 2 months of
flowering. |
| 5.State-wise area
undertaken by NOVOD for Jatropha Plantation |
| State |
Area (ha)
|
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
44
|
|
Bihar
|
10
|
|
Chhatisgarh
|
190
|
|
Gujarat
|
240
|
|
Haryana
|
140
|
|
Karnataka
|
80
|
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
260
|
|
Maharashtra
|
150
|
|
Mizoram
|
20
|
|
Rajasthan
|
275
|
|
Tamil Nadu
|
60
|
|
Uttaranchal
|
50
|
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
200
|
|
| |
|
Economics
(as per Planning Commission Report on Bio-fuels, 2003)
|
|
Activities
|
Rate(Rs.
/ Kg)
|
Quantity(Kg)
|
Cost(Rs.)
|
|
Seed
|
5.00
|
3.28
|
16.40
|
|
Cost of collection & oil extraction
|
2.36
|
1.05
|
2.48
|
|
Less cake produced
|
1.00
|
2.23
|
(-) 2.23
|
|
Trans-esterification
|
6.67
|
1.00
|
6.67
|
|
Less cost of glycerin produced
|
40 to 60
|
0.095
|
(-) 3.8 to 5.7
|
|
Cost of Bio-diesel per kg
|
|
|
19.52 to 17.62
|
|
Cost of Bio-diesel per litre (Sp. Gravity
0.85)
|
|
|
16.59 to 14.98
|
|
| |
| 7. Employment potential
(as per Planning Commission report on bio-fuels, 2003)) |
| Likely demand of petro
diesel by 2006-07 will be 52 MMT and by 2011-12 it will increase
to 67 MMT. |
| 5% blend of Bio-diesel
with petro diesel will require 2.6 MMT of Bio-diesel in 2006-07 |
| By 2011-12, for 20%
blend with Petro-diesel, the likely demand will be 13.4 MMT. |
| To meet the requirement
of 2.6 MMT of bio-diesel, plantation of Jatropha should be done
on 2.2 - 2.6 million ha area. |
| 11.2 - 13.4 million
ha of land should be covered by 2011 - 12 for 20% bio-diesel
blending |
| It will generate following
no. of jobs in following areas. |
|
Year
|
No. of jobs
in plantation
|
In maintenance
|
Operation
of BD units
|
2006-07
|
2.5 million
|
0.75 million
|
0.10 million
|
|
2011-12
|
13.0 million
|
3.9 million
|
0.30 million
|
|
| Oil content |
| 35% to 40% |
| Collection and
processing |
| Ripe fruits collected
from trees. |
| 8. Efforts of National
Oilseed and Vegetable Oil Development Board (NOVOD) |
| Systematic state/region
wise survey for identification of superior trees and superior
seeds. |
| Maintenance of record
on seeds/trees. |
| Samples of high yield
to be sent to National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)
for accession and cryo-preservation. |
| NOVOD has developed
improved Jatropha seeds, which have oil contents up to 1.5 times
of ordinary seeds. |
| However, being in
short supply, initially these improved Jatropha seeds would
be supplied only to Agricultural Universities for multiplication
and development. |
| After multiplication
these would be supplied to different states for further cultivation.
This program is likely to take 3 - 4 years. |
| It is also working
for development of multi-purpose post-harvest technology tools
like decorticator and de-huller, which would further improve
oil recovery. |
| 9. Trans-esterification
Process |
| Vegetable
Oil |
Alcohol |
Catalyst(Sodium
or Potassiu m Hydroxide) |
Glycerin(Used
for medicinal value) |
Bio-diesel |
| 100 gm |
12 gm |
1 gm |
11 gm |
95 gm |
|
| It is the displacement
of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a similar process
to hydrolysis. |
| Vegetable Oil i.e.
the triglyceride can be easily trans-esterified in the presence
of alkaline catalyst at atmospheric pressure and at temperature
of approximately 60 to 70oC with an excess of methanol. |
| If 100 gm of vegetable
oil is taken, 1 gm of the alkaline catalyst (Potassium Hydroxide),
and 12 gm of Methanol would be required |
| As a first step,
the alkaline catalyst is mixed with methanol and the mixture
is stirred for half an hour for its homogenization. |
| This mixture is mixed
with vegetable oil and the resultant mixture is made to pass
through reflux condensation at 65oC. |
| The mixture at the
end is allowed to settle. |
| The lower layer will
be of glycerin and it is drain off. |
| The upper layer of
bio-diesel (a methyl ester) is washed to remove entrained glycerin. |
| The excess methanol
recycled by distillation. |
| This reaction works
well with high quality oil. If the oil contains 1% Free Fatty
Acid (FFA), then difficulty arises because of soap formation.
If FFA content is more than 2% the reaction becomes unworkable. |
| Methanol is inflammable
and Potassium Hydroxide is caustic, hence proper and safe handling
of these chemicals are must. |
| 10. Agencies &
Institutes working in the field of bio-diesel |
| National Oil seeds
and Vegetable Oil Board, Gurgaon |
| PCRA
- Petroleum Conservation Research Association (MOP&NG) |
| IOC (R&D) Centre,
Faridabad |
| Delhi College of Engineering |
| IIT, Delhi |
| IIP, Dehradun |
| Downstream National
Oil Companies |
| Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad |
| CSIR |
| Ministry of Non-conventional
Energy Sources |
| Central Pollution
Control Board |
| Bureau of Indian Standards |
| Indian Renewable
Energy Development Agency |
| States,
which have made some lead |
| Uttranchal: |
| Uttaranchal Bio-fuel
Board (UBB) has been constituted as a nodal agency for bio-diesel
promotion in the state. |
| Has undertaken Jatropha
plantation in an area of 1 lakh hectare. |
| UBB has established
Jatropha Gene Bank to preserve high yielding seed varieties.
|
| Has ambitious plan
to produce 100 million liters of bio-diesel. |
| Andhra Pradesh: |
| Govt. of AP (GoAP)
to encourage Jatropha plantation in 10 rain shadow districts
of AP |
| Task force for it
has been constituted at district and state level |
| GoAP proposed Jatropha
cultivation in 15 lakh acres in next 4 years |
| Initial target is
2 lakh acres |
| Irrigation to be dovetailed
with Jatropha cultivation |
| 90% drip subsidy
is proposed |
| Jatropha cultivation
to be taken up only in cultivable lands with existing farmers. |
| Crop and yield insurance
is proposed |
| Chhattisgarh: |
| 6 lakh saplings of
Jatropha have been planted with the involvement of State's Forest,
Agriculture, Panchayat and Rural Development Departments |
| As per the Deputy
Chairman, State Planning Board, the state has the target to
cover 1 million ha of land under Jatropha plantation |
| Ten reputed bio-diesel
companies, including the UK-based D1 Oils, have offered to set
up Jatropha oil-extraction units or to buy the produce from
farmers in Chhattisgarh. |
| Companies like Indian
Oil, Indian Railways and Hindustan Petroleum have each deposited
Rs 10 lakh as security for future MoUs with the state government. |
| 11. Farmers' Initiatives
in Haryana |
| Farmers in Haryana
have formed NGOs and cooperatives for promotion of Jatropha
plantation. |
| These NGOs and cooperatives
are raising nurseries for Jatropha plantation and supplying
saplings to others for further cultivation. |
| They have been blending
directly Jatropha Oil into diesel fuel and successfully using
this blend in their tractors and diesel engines without any
problems. |
| These NGOs and cooperatives
are also organizing the practical demonstration of this usage
in their demonstration workshops. |
| They are organizing
local seminars, workshops and conferences etc. to promote the
usage of Jatropha oil. |
| NGOs have also printed
some booklets on Jatropha plantation. |
| 12. Current usages
of bio-diesel / Trials & testing of bio-diesel |
| Usages of bio-diesel
are similar to that of petro-diesel |
| Shatabadi Express
was run on 5% blend of bio-diesel from Delhi to Amritsar on
31st Dec. 2002 in association with IOC. |
| Field trials of 10%
bio-diesel blend were also done on Lucknow-Allahabad Jan Shatabdi
Express also through association with IOC. |
| HPCL is also carrying
out field trials in association with BEST |
| Bio-Diesel blend from
IOC (R&D) is being used in buses in Mumbai as well as in
Rewari, in Haryana on trial basis . |
| CSIR and Daimler Chrysler
have jointly undertaken a successful 5000 km trial run of Mercedes
cars using bio-diesel as fuel. |
| NOVOD has initiated
test run by blending 10% bio diesel in collaboration with IIT,
Delhi in Tata Sumo & Swaraj Mazda vehicles. |
| For Knowing PCRA's
Efforts click on the link PCRA Efforts |
| |
|
